When we speak we have these vocal cords in our throats that vibrate. The number of vibrations per second determines how the pitch is. How do we determine how loud it is? Well, that depends on the strength of the vibration. Small vocal cords have high sounds, and large vocal cords have low sounds. For example its like a guitar, the skinny strings make high sounds, and the fat strings make low sounds. On this website http://www.pbs.org/weta/roughscience/series2/challenges/sound/ you can read a little bit about how our ears can hear the vibrations from our throats, and how they calculate how the pitch and the strength of the vibrations are.
What happens to our vocal cords as we get older? Well as we grow our vocal cords grow making it's sounds lower. When your vocal cords get bigger, the larynx does too which is the voice box. When it does that sometimes it grows so big it bulges out making an Adam's apple. Whether or not you get an Adam's apple it doesn't really matter cause it just has to do with DNA.
You can get some more information on this by going to this website: http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/body/puberty/article8.html
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